Hydrocarbons IIT JEE Pdf

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IIT JEE exam Hydrocarbons notes

Organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbon.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS

On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons are broadly divided into main types

1. Acyclic or open chain hydrocarbon

2. Cyclic or closed chain hydrocarbon

Acylic hydrocarbon
These hydrocarbon contains open chain of carbon atom in their molecule. These are
also called as aliphatic hydrocarbon
These are further classified as
i) Alkanes: C – C bond ( saturated compounds)
ii) Alkene : C = C bond ( Unsaturated compounds)
iii) Alkyne: C≡ C bond ( Unsaturated compounds)

Cyclic hydrocarbon
These contains closed chain or rings of carbon atom in their molecule
These are further divided in two groups

(i) Alicyclic hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon which contains ring of carbon
atom in a molecule and resemble aliphatic hydrocarbon in their properties

(ii) Aromatic hydrocarbon: These hydrocarbon contains at least one special
type of hexagonal ring of carbon atom with three double bonds in
alternate position.
The major source of aliphatic hydrocarbon are petroleum and natural gas, where as
aromatic hydrocarbons are main obtained from coal

PETROLEUM
(Petra = rock , oleum = oil)

It is dark viscous fluid with unpleasant smell found at various depth under the
earth crust.

Crude petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons containing 80-85% of carbon
10-14% hydrogen and small amount of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.
Petroleum products
1. Gaseous ( C1 – C4)
Boiling range : 113 – 303 K
Uses: As a full, for production of carbon black
2. Petroleum ether (C5 – C7)
Boiling range : 303 – 363K
Use : As of solvent for rubber, oil, fasts and varnishes, for dry cleaning
3. Gasoline or Petrol ( C8 – C11)
Boiling range : 343 -373K
Uses: As a motor fuel, for dry cleaning
4. Kerosene oil or Paraffin oil ( C12 – C15)
Boiling range : 448 – 548K
Uses: AS an illuminate fuel, just engine fuel and for making oil gas
5. Gas oil, fuel and diesel gas ( C15 – C18)
Boiling range : 573 – 673
Use: Furnace fuel, fuel for diesel engine
6. Lubrication or Mineral oil ( C16 – C20)
Boiling range : 623 K and above
Uses: As a lubricant
7. Grease, Vaseline, petroleum jelly ( C8 – C22)
Use: pharmaceutical preparations
8. Paraffin wax ( C20 – C30)
Uses: In the manufacture of candles, waxed papers and for water proofing.

OCTANE NUMBER

Quality of petrol or gasoline is graded terms of octane number

Octane number is defined as the percentage by volume of iso-octane present
in the mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane which has same knocking
properties.

Metallic sound which arises due to violent jerk in piston is known as knocking
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
( n – heptanes , octane number = 0)





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